With helpful advice on how to keep your baby hydrated and when you need to seek medical help, our guide below covers everything you need to know about baby diarrhoea.

What is baby diarrhoea and how can you tell if your baby has it?

Diarrhoea is defined as passing looser, often more watery poo than normal and going to do a poo more frequently.

Baby poo is not the same as adult, or even child poo, because at least for the first six months, they aren’t eating any solids or a variety of foodstuffs, only breast or formula milk. Baby poo can come in a variety of colours, textures and consistencies.

For example, an exclusively breastfed baby may do many poos a day, of a liquid consistency and often bright yellow colour, which may look like it contains tiny mustard seeds within it, or be slightly greenish.  This is totally normal, and the tiny ‘seeds’ aren’t seeds, but rather milk fats which haven’t been fully digested.

Formula fed babies often have more solid poo than breastfed ones, but still not solid like an adult – think more the consistency of peanut butter and colours can range from yellow to green to brown.

Colours and consistencies vary, as long as your baby’s poo is not black, red (blood) or very pale it is probably normal!

So it isn’t really possible to define baby diarrhoea as a particular number of times of passing stool, a particular colour or the like, but rather it is a change in your baby’s normal bowel to more frequent, more watery and looser stools.

Common causes of diarrhoea in babies

Diarrhoea in babies and in children is often caused by an infection, typically a viral infection. A common viral cause of diarrhoea in babies is the rotavirus and this can be prevented by your baby having the rotavirus vaccination which is given at 8 and 12 weeks old. Other viruses which can cause diarrhoea include norovirus.

Bacterial infections can also lead to diarrhoea. These infections often also lead to nausea and vomiting and there may be other symptoms such as a fever, abdominal pain, not wanting to eat. Other causes of diarrhoea can include food allergy such as cow’s milk protein allergy. Find out more about cow's milk allergies here or by visiting the Allergy UK website here.

Diarrhoea occurs because food and waste pass through the large intestine much quicker than normal, meaning that there isn’t time for the water to be absorbed out of the poo like normal.

Care tips for baby diarrhoea and how to keep your baby hydrated

Thankfully, infective diarrhoeal illnesses tend to only last a few days and most cases can be managed at home. The most important thing is to try and ensure that your baby stays hydrated, that we replace the fluid being lost out of the bottom end by drinking more at the top!

For young babies under six months this means offering more breastfeeds, little and often, if your baby is formula fed then you can give some water in between feeds. Do not water down baby formula, use at its normal strength. Older babies and children can be given water or oral rehydration solutions such as Dioralyte and other brands.

If they are struggling with nausea and vomiting it is sensible to give smaller amounts much more frequently, even as little as 5 mls perhaps via a syringe every 5 minutes and gradually increase in how much you give and the time between giving it. If they can’t tolerate even this small amount then please seek medical help.

When to worry about baby diarrhoea: Signs you should call a doctor

Young babies, especially those under approximately six months old are more likely to become dehydrated than older children.

Signs of dehydration include less frequent wet nappies than usual and dry lips and mouth.  However is refusing all liquids, or can’t keep any down and stops passing urine and there are no wet nappies for six hours, or if their eyes become sunken, or if they become drowsy and sleepy please seek urgent medical advice.

In addition, if your child has bloody diarrhoea, or if the diarrhoea persists for over seven days then please see your doctor.

To try and stop the infection which is likely causing the diarrhoea from spreading maintain good hand hygiene, washing your hands well after each nappy change and the like. Wash any clothes or bedding which has poo on it separately in a hot wash and don’t share towels.  Your baby should be kept at home from nursery/childminder/playgroups for 48 hours after the last episode of diarrhoea or vomiting to try and stop the infection spreading further.

In a nutshell, if you are worried, ask for help!

Read more:

• Baby poo: what's normal and what's not, with charts and pictures
• Norovirus in babies: how to spot it and treat it
• What to expect after your baby's had injections

The good news is that babies can start swimming from a very early age and signing up for parent and baby swimming lessons can be a wonderful way to bond with your baby. Plus, getting into the water is a lovely gentle way to start being active again after childbirth.

Studies also show that there are many benefits to taking your baby swimming including greater motor development, improved cognitive function, improved confidence and social skills and it helps build muscle, improves co-ordination, strengthens their heart, lungs and respiratory systems and even promotes better sleep and improves baby's appetite. Another positive to introducing babies to swimming at an early age is that it can encourage a lifelong love of exercise and physical activity.

To help you reap all the benefits of baby swimming in a safe way, our guide below covers everything from what age it's safe to take baby to a pool, how to introduce infants to the water in a stress-free way and top tips for ensuring water safety.

How soon can I take my baby swimming?

According to the NHS you can take your baby swimming from any age, even newborn, and there are no strict guidelines about waiting until they've had their first immunisations at 8 weeks. Many baby swimming classes are happy to teach newborns (although they may have certain weight restrictions) and find that younger babies who have just spent 9 months in water in the womb take to the pool very calmly and happily.

As there's no minimum age that babies can go swimming, it's up to you as the parent to decide when you feel comfortable taking your baby to a pool. Some people may want to wait until after baby's injections, while others may want to get their baby used to the water as soon as possible.

Your decision about when to take your baby swimming may also depend on the type of birth you had – whether you have a c-section scar or are still bleeding from a vaginal birth and whether your baby was premature or not.

To help you decide when to take your baby swimming you can see how they respond to having baths at home. If they love the sensation of the water straightaway and enjoy water being splashed or tipped over them then you can be confident that swimming will go down a treat. However, if bath time makes them cry and they seem stressed around water you may want to wait a bit before booking lessons.

You can also speak to your health visitor or doctor if you have any concerns or would like reassurance that the time is right to go swimming with your baby. Whatever age you decide to take the plunge, you and your baby will both benefit from spending quality time together in the water, and baby will delight in moving about freely and kicking and splashing in a supportive environment well before they can move independently on dry land!

Safety tips for introducing your baby to swimming

Taking your baby swimming isn't as simple as buying a cute swimming costume and heading to your local pool and there are some precautions and safety tips you'll want to be aware of. We've outlined the main things to do before you take your baby swimming as well as things to consider when you're there:

• Sign up for a specific mother and baby swimming class – professionally led swimming classes specifically designed for babies and their parents are the safest and most enjoyable way to start your swimming journey with your baby. Swimming teachers will have specialist training to show you how to support your baby safely in the water, movements and exercises you can do with them as well as how long they can go underwater (if you want them to) and how long they should stay in the water.
• Check the temperature of the pool – according to guidelines from STA (Swimming Teacher's Association) the water and air temperature of a pool for babies must be higher than for normal public swimming. For babies under 3 months or weighing less than 12lbs it needs to be at least 32°C and for babies older than 3 months at least 30°C.
• Don't stay in the water too long – when introducing a baby to swimming it's best to do it slowly and steadily, starting with 10 - 15 minutes on your first visit (if they are happy) and gradually increasing the length to 20 - 30 minutes. If you notice they are cold, you should remove them from the water and wrap them up straightaway.
• Find out if the pool offers quiet times – a swimming pool can be a sensory overload even for adults, so it can be overwhelming for babies. If you're not going to a specific baby class find out when the pool's quiet times or baby-specific slots are and take your baby during these.

You may be wondering if chlorine pool water is safe for your baby and the answer is yes, as long as it's a well-maintained pool and the correct levels of chlorine have been used. Babies can go in chlorinated pools from birth but you may want to wait until 6 months of age if you're worried about infection or your baby's sensitive skin.

When it comes to salt water pools, these are considered safer for babies in terms of skin and eye irritation. However, babies under 12 months shouldn't have any extra salt in their diet and the NHS recommends limiting salt intake for babies under 12 months to 1 gram per day, with a sodium limit of less than 0.4g. Therefore babies shouldn't be submerged in salt water and care should be taken not to let baby swallow any salt water.

Choosing the right swim gear for your baby

Is there anything cuter than an itsy bitsy teeny weeny baby swimsuit? Before you buy a super cute swimsuit though you'll need to remember that babies aren't potty trained and so will need to wear some form of swim nappy or double nappy system (a disposable nappy under a neoprene nappy). This means you'll want to size up on the swimsuit to ensure the nappy fits underneath.

Every pool and baby swimming class has different requirements in order to keep the pool hygienic for everyone, so make sure to read the small print about what baby needs to wear.

You may also want to buy your baby swimwear that covers their arms and legs to give them a bit more warmth if you're worried they'll get cold, or for use in summer as a UV protector.

For ease, some swimwear all-in-ones have nappies built into them which may make them more comfortable for baby and less fuss for the parent to try and wrestle baby into. Other swimwear options to consider are those that are chlorine safe or protect sensitive skin.

See our selection of the best kids' swimwear here.

See our selection of the best swim nappies here.

Pool safety precautions for babies and toddlers

Babies and children should never be left alone in or near water and it's important to remember that water can be dangerous, even when very shallow. To ensure that your first forays into swimming are fun and not stressful, it's important to take the following precautions:

• Watch out for signs of chilling, including shivering, blueness around the lips and chattering teeth.
• Watch your baby’s face carefully – it’s much closer to the water than yours and if you get distracted their mouth and nose can easily go under the water.
• Always check the qualifications of the swimming teachers to ensure they hold a specialist SEQ Level 2 Teaching Swimming to Babies and Toddlers.
• Constant supervision is essential. Although drownings in pools are rare, evidence suggests that toddlers are the most vulnerable. It’s not sufficient to rely on the supervision of the lifeguard at the poolside.
• If old enough, have a talk with your child before you get to the pool to make sure they know that they mustn’t run about at the edge of the pool.
• Fit support or buoyancy aids before baby/toddler gets in the water, and if you use armbands make sure they can’t slide off and are on the upper arm only. All buoyancy aids should meet safety standards – look for British Safety number BS EN 13138:2003 or later.
• Children with long hair should have it tied back and preferably be wearing a swimming cap. A child’s hair can get caught in pumps, trapping them under the water. For the same reason, remove all jewellery.
• Don’t let your kids chew gum or eat while in the pool area.

Paddling pools

Although parents generally know that they need to constantly supervise young children in water, accidents tend to happen after the pool’s been used.

"Between the ages of 1 and 2, an infant’s mobility increases at a terrific but irregular rate, such that she can escape parents’ supervision and get into difficulties unexpectedly fast," says a spokesperson from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. "So paddling pools should always be emptied and turned upside down straight after use."

The benefits of swimming for babies' development

Swimming with your baby is so much more than just another baby class or activity to keep you busy while on maternity leave. The benefits for both parent and especially baby are huge and wide reaching.

Research has shown that taking babies swimming from an early age offers a range of developmental benefits, both physical and cognitive. Studies suggest that early swimming helps enhance motor skills, coordination, and muscle strength due to the resistance and freedom of movement water provides.

According to a 2010 study, infants who participated in swim classes demonstrated significantly better balance and grasping skills than non-swimmers¹. While a more recent 2022 pilot study demonstrated that infants participating in a 10-week baby swimming programme showed significant improvements in gross, fine, and total motor skills compared to a control group².

A 2024 large-scale cohort study from Japan involving over 100,000 children found that initiating swimming around age one and maintaining regular sessions up to age three significantly reduced the risk of delays in both gross and fine motor development.³ And a 2023 case-control study in Poland revealed that infants aged 3 to 12 months who engaged in water activities showed notable improvements in motor development scores compared to non-participants.⁴

Beyond physical advantages, early exposure to water-based activities may foster confidence and emotional bonding between parent and child⁵ plus, of course, the earlier you teach a child to swim the safer they will be around water for the rest of their lives.

Pics: Getty Images 

References:

^{1 Sigmundsson, H., & Hopkins, B. Baby swimming: exploring the effects on motor development. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2010}

^{2 Borioni, F., Biino, V., Tinagli, V., & Pesce, C. Effects of Baby Swimming on Motor and Cognitive Development: A Pilot Trial. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2022}

^{3 Yoshida, K., et al. Effect of swimming initiation period and continuation frequency on motor competence development in children aged up to 3 years: the Japan environment and children’s study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2024}

^{4 Kowalska, M., et al. Supporting Infants' Motor Development through Water Activities: A Preliminary Case-Control Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2023}

^{5 Jorgensen, R., & Grootenboer, P. Early years swimming: Exploring the developmental benefits for young children. Griffith Institute for Educational Research, 2012}

Read more:

• Is chlorine in swimming pools safe in pregnancy?
• 10 of the best kids swimming goggles
• 10 of the best swim nappies for babies and toddlers 

In a nutshell: It's unlikely. Hay fever is really not very common in children under 2 years old.

Jump to:

• My baby seems to hay fever symptoms? What could it be if it's not hay fever?
• Should I take my baby to the doctor if they have what look like hay fever symptoms?
• Can I give my baby hay fever medication?
• I have hay fever. Does that mean my baby will get hay fever?

"Hay fever, also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis, is an allergy to pollen, and you need to experience at least 1 to 2 pollen seasons to become sensitised and start showing symptoms," says Margaret Kellman, Acting Head of Clinical Services at Allergy UK.

A small baby, therefore, is unlikely to have been able to clock up enough pollen exposure to become sensitised yet.

Of course, it is possible that, if your baby is born in, say, September – towards the end of an April to September pollen season – they could become sensitised then and go on to develop hay fever symptoms the following April at the beginning of the next pollen season, all before they turn 1.

"Hay fever symptoms can sometimes occur around the age of 1 or 2," says Margaret, "but hay fever is much more common in school-age children and teenagers."

My baby seems to hay fever symptoms? What could it be if it's not hay fever?

Symptoms that are typical of hay fever include:

• Red, watery eyes
• Rubbing eyes because they itch
• Constant runny nose – with clear, rather than thick, mucus
• Sneezing, particularly if they're outdoors
• Coughing
• Congested or stuff nose

If your baby is displaying any of these symptoms, it’s probably more likely, at this age, that there is another cause for them than hay fever.

A runny nose, watery eyes or sneezing could be symptoms of a cold, for example – especially if they also have a temperature.

Another possibility is that your baby may be allergic to something else in their surroundings, like dust mites or animal dander (hair fluff) and have allergic rhinitis.

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis are similar to symptoms of hay fever but would usually be seen throughout the year, rather that just in the pollen seasons, and may actually worsen during the winter months when we spend more time indoors.

Should I take my baby to the doctor if they have what look like hay fever symptoms?

Yes, if you are concerned and /or if:

• Your baby seems very unsettled or unwell
• Your baby's feeding is affected
• Your baby's symptoms have continues longer than a normal light cold would (a week or so)

"Your healthcare professional will check to see if your baby's symptoms are an indication of hay fever or of some other illness or allergy," says Margaret.

Can I give my baby hay fever medication?

No – not without talking to your GP first. Hay fever medication that's sold over the counter is not suitable for babies under 1.

Even if your baby does turn out to be one of those who get hay fever before the age of 2, they will need a special prescription from your GP to make sure the medication and the dosage is correct.

"Medication for hay fever," says Margaret, "should not be given to any baby or toddler without an accurate diagnosis from a healthcare professional and a prescription or advice on  the correct dose of the right medication for your baby's age and weight."

I have hay fever. Does that mean my baby will get hay fever?

"There is definitely a genetic link to susceptibility to hay fever," says Margaret. "But that doesn't mean your baby is guaranteed to get hay fever if you have it. Allergies can run in families, but they're not always inherited."

And sometimes, the type of allergy that is passed down from parent to child can be different from the condition the parent has. You could have hay fever, for example, but your child (if they develop any allergic condition at all) might get eczema.

Please note: this advice is not personalised or meant to replace individual advice given to you about your child by your doctor or medical team. As always, if you are concerned about your child’s health then please seek medical advice.

Pic: Getty Images

Read more...

• Best baby sunglasses
• Best products for toddlers with hay fever
• When can you put sunscreen on a baby?

Now, campaigners are calling for urgent updates to official guidance, after uncovering that most British parents aren’t getting the information they need to make safe, confident choices.

Swedish child car seat manufacturer Axkid, which commissioned the research, found most UK parents are switching their children to forward-facing seats well before the age of four – a move experts say increases the risk of serious injury in a crash.

Rear-facing seats, which distribute crash forces more effectively, are widely considered the safest option for young children, especially in frontal collisions. Yet, the study found many UK parents either don't know or misunderstand the current laws and best practice.

Safety confusion leaves children at risk

The study, which surveyed 1,006 UK parents with children aged 0–10 years, revealed:

• 15% of parents with children under two, and 14% of those with children aged two to four, admit their child is not always restrained in a car seat – leaving thousands of children at daily risk.
• 44% didn’t know the minimum legal age for forward-facing travel is 15 months.
• 55% of parents were unsure of the legal height (135cm) required for a child to travel without a car seat or booster.

In comparison, only 2–3% of Swedish parents reported not always using a car seat, and more than four in five keep their children rear-facing until at least four years old – something encouraged by consistent public health messaging in Sweden for decades.

“Parents want clearer advice – we need to act”

With 83% of UK parents calling for clearer recommendations on how children can travel safely in cars, campaigners say it’s time for the UK to catch up with countries like Sweden, where a safety-first approach has become the cultural norm.

Jayne Caul adds: “No parent wants to put their child at risk, but many unknowingly do so due to a lack of clear, accessible information. We’re failing families by not providing the guidance and support they need to make the safest choices.”

Axkid is now calling on the UK government and relevant bodies to:

• Strengthen national guidance to recommend rear-facing travel until at least four years old.
• Launch a public awareness campaign to educate parents about car seat safety and laws.
• Provide better access to certified car seat fitting services.

What can parents do now?

While the debate between rear- and forward-facing travel can feel overwhelming, Axkid stresses that the issue is not about shaming parents – it’s about ensuring they have the tools to make informed choices.

You can check the latest safety standards, including the stringent Swedish Plus Test (which only rear-facing seats can pass), via the Axkid website.

Whether you’re on your first car seat or upgrading as your little one grows, it's always worth seeking advice from certified fitters, trusted retailers, or safety experts before making the switch.

As Caul puts it: “It’s time for change. The UK must do far more to educate and empower parents. No family should be left in the dark when it comes to keeping their child safe on the road.”

• Read the full Child Safety Report 2025

Read more:

• I never thought my 4-year-old could buckle up alone – until I tried this car seat
• The 2-hour car seat rule – what you need to know
• 13 of the best baby car seats from birth 2025
• Viral hack actually help babies sleep

The vaccine is now offered to all pregnant women on the NHS from 28 weeks onwards. Here's everything you need to know about how the vaccine protects your baby, when you'll be offered it and any side effects that you may experience.

From trying to conceive and breastfeeding your baby to surviving sleepless nights and raising big kids, discover our guide on supplements that could support you along the way.

What is the RSV vaccine?

RSV stands for respiratory syncytial virus, and the RSV vaccine protects against the virus. RSV generally leads to upper respiratory tract infections, coughs and colds, and most people will be unwell for a few days before getting better by themselves.

However, in the elderly and in babies, RSV can lead to pneumonia and bronchiolitis, which is a kind of chest infection that affects babies.  These conditions can be serious, require hospital admission and can even be fatal.

When did the RSV vaccine become available for pregnant women on the NHS?

The MHRA, the agency which regulates medications in the UK, licensed the RSV vaccination in 2023, and the vaccination rollout began on the NHS from 1 September 2024.

At what stage of pregnancy are women advised to get the vaccine?

It is recommended that you get the vaccine during the third trimester of pregnancy, from 28 weeks of pregnancy. This is because the vaccine will stimulate your immune system to produce antibodies, which then pass to your baby via the placenta. This means that your baby will be protected from RSV when it is born and for the first 6 months. The vaccine is effective, reducing the risk of severe bronchiolitis in the baby by 70%.

The vaccine can be given at the same time as other vaccines given in pregnancy, such as the whooping cough and flu vaccinations.

Are there any side effects to the vaccine, and is it safe?

Like any vaccine, there can be side effects, though these are generally mild. Side effects can be local, such as swelling or redness around the site where the injection was given. Other side effects include aches and pains and a headache. Very rarely, an allergic reaction can occur, and extremely rarely, there have been cases of Guillain Barré syndrome, which is a neurological condition.

The RSV vaccine has been given to many women globally and is safer than the risk of your baby developing RSV. It has been approved by the MHRA in the UK.

Are there any women who shouldn’t have the vaccine?

If you have had an anaphylaxis allergic reaction to an ingredient in the vaccine, or a previous dose of the vaccine, you should not have the RSV vaccine.  If you have a fever, wait until you are better before having the RSV vaccine.

How effective is the vaccine in protecting babies against RSV?

While no vaccine is a complete guarantee, the vaccine can reduce the risk of severe bronchiolitis by 70%, and if a baby does get bronchiolitis, it is less likely to be severe.

Please note: this advice is not personalised or meant to replace individual advice given to you about your child by your doctor or medical team. As always, if you are concerned about your child’s health then please seek medical advice.

Pics: Getty Images 

Read more:

• Bronchiolitis and RSV: how to spot the symptoms and what to do next 
• What to expect after your baby's had injections 
• How to treat a fever in babies and young children

Parents are sharing videos claiming that a spoonful of butter helps their little ones sleep better. The idea behind it? Some believe that butter helps stabilise blood sugar levels, which in turn promotes better sleep. A few parents even swear by it, saying their toddlers sleep through the night after having just two teaspoons before bed.

Is this just another social media trend to get toddlers sleeping through the night or does this theory actually work? Let's see what research and dietary professionals have to say.

Does eating butter before bed really help babies sleep?

Eating foods that are high in fat and protein, like butter, are digested slowly by the stomach. They are then gradually absorbed into the bloodstream overnight which helps to stabilise blood sugar levels. From this, claims have been made that the stabilising of blood sugar levels by the butter can help with deep sleep.

Medical professionals warn against this practice emphasising that there is no scientific evidence supporting the idea that butter improves sleep in infants and young children.

We asked baby & child nutrition expert and author, Charlotte Stirling-Reed to share her thoughts on the matter:

"Butter is fine to give to babies in moderation. However it’s high in saturated fat and salt, so it should ideally be offered in small amounts. It’s also best to offer unsalted butter for babies and toddlers too," Charlotte explains.

Additionally, introducing butter to a baby's diet can present health risks such as potential digestive issues and the risk of choking, depending on the child's age. It's not recommended to try this trend with babies under 6 months old.

Is butter safe for babies?

"It’s absolutely fine to offer teaspoons of (ideally unsalted) butter added into nutrient-rich dishes or used in cooking or as a spread, but it’s not ideal to offer babies large chunks of butter off of a spoon. It’s unnecessary & there are more nutrient-rich snacks babies could have," advises baby and child nutritionist, Charlotte.

There could be other reasons why your baby might be having trouble sleeping at night such as developmental phases, not having a bedtime routine, being hungry, not having proper naps during the day and more.

Instead, there are safe, tried and tested methods for promoting infant sleep that we advise over unverified social media trends.

Here are a few things you can try:

• Establish a consistent, sleep routine with your baby
• Keep your child's room dark and quiet
• Make sure they're not too cold or too hot
• For toddlers, giving them a comforting toy or blanket to bed

Pic: Getty

Read more:

• Can eating a banana at bedtime help a toddler sleep through the night? We tested it
• Ferber Method: Guide to effective sleep training for babies
• How to get your toddler to sleep in their own bed

Baby acne appears as small red or white bumps on a baby’s face, typically on the cheeks, nose, forehead, and sometimes chest or back.

It can be concerning to see these blemishes on your precious newborn's skin. You'll be relieved to know that it is a common skin condition and you'll also be relieved to know that it doesn't last long – most cases clear up within a few weeks or at most, a few months.

As a new or seasoned parent, we know you're wondering what causes baby acne and if there are any effective baby acne treatments out there. Let’s break it down so you know what to look for, what to expect and when to seek medical advice.

Reflux is when a baby brings up milk, or is sick, during or shortly after feeding. It's very common and usually gets better on its own. Discover our guide on Silent reflux in babies: causes, symptoms, and treatment.

What is baby acne?

Contrary to what some might think, baby acne is quite common. It affects around 20% of newborns and is considered a normal condition associated with their developing skin. Parents often notice it within the first month of their child's life, though it can sometimes appear a bit later.

Baby acne looks like tiny red or white spots that gather in a concentrated area of your baby's skin. They can also appear slowly, developing a few at a time.

It generally resolves on its own without the need for medical treatment but be sure to have your baby officially diagnosed by a doctor before taking any action. There are other skin conditions that look or behave similarly to baby acne such as milia (milk spots) or erythema toxicum neonatorum. The latter shows up similarly to baby acne but tends to show up on babies a week after being born.

It's advisable to book an appointment with your GP and have your baby be seen by a medical professional so they can diagnose your baby properly.

Most baby acne cases clear up within a few weeks to a few months. In some rare cases, it can last longer but it typically doesn’t leave any scars or have long-term effects.

What causes baby acne?

The actual root cause of baby acne is unknown but it occurs when the hair follicles on your baby's skin are blocked, which end up leading to natural oils building up and clogging up the pores. Similar to adults, when pores clog up you can easily develop pimples and spots.

Babies also have sensitive skin which can easily become irritated with residue that's been left on their skin for a prolonged period of time such as drool, vomit or milk. Be sure to clean your baby's face after a feed or eating food and avoid heavy, greasy skincare products on their skin.

Breastfeeding may be a contributing factor to baby acne as the hormones in the parent's milk can affect the baby's hormones, causing the spots to develop. Simply allow your baby time to adjust to being in the outside world and their new environment and the pimples should disappear naturally on their own.

What are the symptoms of baby acne?

Baby acne bumps appear on the skin as tiny red or white spots. They show up on your baby's face, cheek, nose and sometimes their neck and back.

The spots can sometimes appear as small, discoloured pimples on their skin before developing into red, raised pimples. Over time, as the inflammation of the spot decreases, likewise the size of the spot decreases too.

For reference, baby acne looks a bit like the acne you’d see in teenagers or adults, but on a much smaller and less severe scale. Sometimes the bumps can appear more pronounced when your baby is crying or if their skin comes into contact with rough fabrics or spit-up.

You'll be pleased to know that, unlike other skin conditions like eczema, baby acne doesn’t tend to be itchy or cause discomfort for your baby. Their skin may still look smooth and supple to the touch even if it’s a bit spotty.

By the time your baby is 3-4 months old, you’ll likely notice the spots fading away completely, leaving their skin as soft as ever.

How to treat baby acne

Treating baby acne is usually a matter of patience as those pesky pimples tend to clear up all on their own, without the need for any treatment.

You can use a mild, fragrance-free baby cleanser and warm water to wash your baby's face (and any affected area) once daily. Make sure to pat the cleansed area dry with a towel, avoiding scrubbing harshly.

We know it's tempting to want to apply creams or oils to treat the affected area but unless specifically recommended by your health visitor or doctor, it is recommended to stay clear from these as they can clog pores and exacerbate the problem.

If your GP offers treatment for your baby's acne it will most likely be in the form of an antifungal cream or mild steroid cream.

Your baby's skin will be back to normal if you give it time and leave it alone but if you feel like the spots are lasting longer than expected, it’s always worth checking in with your GP or health visitor for peace of mind.

Remember, baby acne doesn’t bother your baby as much as it might bother you!

When to seek medical advice

As mentioned previously, baby acne is harmless and doesn’t bother your baby much at all.

However, there are occasions when seeking medical advice is the right course of action. If your baby’s acne seems severe, lasts for several months or is accompanied by other symptoms like a high temperature (fever), excessive redness, swelling or oozing, it’s a good idea to consult your GP.

These symptoms could be signs of other skin conditions such as eczema or a bacterial infection which will need specific treatment.

Don't be afraid to go with your parent's intuition, if your baby's skin seems unusual or concerning – call your doctor for medical advice. Your GP or health visitor is there to support you and your baby’s health despite how small the issue may seem.

Pic: Getty

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• Scabies and children: How to spot it, treat it and get rid of it
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Add in the worries of keeping things safe, ensuring they’re snug and comfortable or whether to sleep train or not. It's easy to see why the seemingly small task of dressing your baby for sleep can feel a little overwhelming. But don’t worry—we’re here to help you find the perfect balance of comfort and safety, so you can rest easy knowing your little one is too. Ever wonder what exactly goes on in your baby's brain when they're asleep? Do they really have dreams? Learn more and see what our expert doctor has to say in our: Do babies dream guide. Also, discover how to spot signs of baby growth spurts, how to help your baby through them.

What should your baby wear to sleep?

When it comes to dressing your baby for bedtime (or nap time) this is all determined by their age, room temperature and the weather. We have more specific guidelines to follow according to room temperature which we discuss more further down.

You can do some simple things to ensure your baby doesn't overheat, though. And it all comes down to knowing what temperature is best for your baby's room and how many layers your baby needs when sleeping.

As a general rule of thumb, this is how to dress your baby for sleep:

During summer

• breathable, cotton, footless babygrow or sleepsuit with short sleeves
• newborns can be swaddled but use a thin, breathable swaddle blanket
• older babies can use a sleeping bag with a lower tog rating

During winter 

• breathable, cotton, footed babygrow or sleepsuit with long sleeves
• newborns can be swaddled in a swaddle blanket
• older babies can use a sleeping bag with a higher tog rating

Another thing to consider is to make sure they're wearing the right amount of layers. This can be achieved not just with clothing and a sleep bag but with bedding and blankets too.

During colder months, your baby may need some blankets and a sheet as well as wearing their sleepsuit. The blanket should be firmly secured into the sides of their cot (never above their shoulders) to prevent suffocation if the blanket was to shift onto their face.

In warmer months, and depending on the room temperature, your baby may only wear a vest and a tightly secured sheet over them.

Lightweight cotton is the way to go for any kind of layers your little one will be using as it's breathable and gentle on baby's skin.

Babies should never have toys, hot water bottles, pillows, electric blankets or heaters inside or next to their cot or bedside crib. Loose items in your baby's cot increase the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) if the item accidentally manages to cover your baby's face and nose whilst they sleep. Likewise, your baby can overheat with the use of heat-generated products.

Safe room temperatures for babies

Newborn babies are not able to regulate their body temperature as well as older children and adults can. They can be prone to overheating if they have on too many layers of clothing or if the room is too warm.

A room temperature of between 16ºC to 20ºC (60.8°F to 68ºF) is recommended. In fact, 18ºC (65ºF) is just right, say safe-sleep experts at the Lullaby Trust.

It's not easy to tell just by guessing how hot or cold a room is but there are some really good, and not too pricey, room thermometers out there which are well worth investing in.

Some of our favourite room thermometers are available here:

Layering Guide: How many layers does your baby need?

The layers your baby needs depend on the room temperature and what they're wearing to bed. During warmer months, you might be wondering how to dress your baby for sleep without a sleep sack. Your little one can wear a footless and sleeveless sleepsuit then a sheet and blanket should be enough for your baby.

You can refer to our chart guide below:

What about how to dress your baby for sleep in winter? If the weather is cold and they're wearing a fully covered babygrow to bed then you may need to double up on the blankets.

You can refer to our chart guide below:

How to dress a baby for sleep in different seasons

Dressing your baby for comfortable sleep in winter

When temperatures drop, you want your baby to be warm and safe at night. It might be tempting to cover them in lots of layers and crank the heating up but it's important to remember that babies can't regulate their body temperature in the same way adults can – so it's easy for them to get too hot, which is a risk factor in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Use light bedding or a lightweight, well-fitting baby sleep bag for your little one and add layers as needed (see below). You can adjust the amount of clothing according to the tog rating of the sleeping bag too.

Dressing your baby for comfortable sleep in summer

When it's really hot outside, it's hard to keep your baby's room at the ideal temperature, even if you open doors and windows (safely, of course) or maybe use a fan (not aimed directly at your baby). Tower fans can be a great way to keep cool in hot weather, which is why we put them to the test to create our list of the best tower fans with a focus on safety, value and efficiency.

In these circumstances, you'll need to lighten the layers of clothing your baby is wearing while they sleep, as well as lightening or reducing their bedding.

Signs your baby might be too cold or too hot

If you're feeling hot, your baby will likely be too. As a guide, think about what you'd be comfortable sleeping in, and add 1 extra layer for your baby.

In very hot conditions, your baby may not even need the sleepsuit and can sleep in just their nappy. You can always use our chart guides (above) to check what's appropriate according to the room temperature.

Signs that show your baby may be too hot:

• sweating
• damp skin or hair
• flushed, red cheeks
• heat rash
• heavy breathing

If your baby is sweating or feeling hot to touch on their stomach then they might be too hot. Sweating is natural – it's a way for our bodies to cool us down. The dampness on our skin actually helps us to pick up the coolness from any moving air. But you'll find some babies sweat more than others. If your baby feels very sweaty, check to see how hot they are by feeling the back of their neck.

If your baby’s hot to the touch, wipe them down with a damp towel – on the face, neck, arms and legs – and open internal doors and windows, so a natural, flowing breeze is created.

It's also a good idea to try to keep your home cool throughout the day. In the UK, we tend to fling open curtains and windows the moment there's sunshine but, in Mediterranean countries, people keep the heat out with unopened curtains. This avoids a greenhouse effect, where the heat builds up and up inside.

Don't panic if your baby is sleeping more soundly than usual when it's hot. The heat can make us all lethargic, which is quite natural. Unless you have problems rousing your baby or they display odd behaviour they should be perfectly fine.

Signs that show your baby may be too cold:

• feeling cold to touch on their stomach, back or neck
• waking up frequently
• pale, blotchy or blue skin
• shivering (usually shows up in babies over 6 months)
• slow movements or lethargy

If any of these occur, add some layers to your baby making sure that it's not too much to make them overheat. If they're awake, you can partly undress and hold your baby onto your bare chest and wrap the both of you in a blanket. Skin-to-skin contact is a great way to regulate your baby's body temperature.

Safety tips for dressing babies

We've mentioned above that there are well-established concerns that overheating can increase the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). But that doesn't mean you should get overly anxious during hot spells: research suggests that babies are actually more likely to overheat when they're overdressed in cold weather.

Here are some things to consider when dressing your baby for safe and comfortable sleeping:

Check the back of your baby's neck

If you want to make sure you haven't got them in too many layers, the back of the neck, or tummy, give clearer indicators of whether your little one's overheating than their hands or feet do.

If your baby is too hot their skin will feel slightly clammy and sweaty, and you will need to remove some layers.

Don't put a hat on your baby indoors

You should never put a hat on a baby indoors, even when it's cold, because a bare head is important for maintaining body temperature and releasing heat.

Obviously, if you're taking your baby outside in cold weather, then a baby hat is an important way of keeping them warm.

Don't have the heating on high all night

In super cold weather, it's tempting to turn radiators up to full heat and leave them on as you sleep. But this isn't only expensive, it's not recommended for your baby.

The house could get too hot overnight while you're asleep. If you do feel you want the central heating on through the night, set it no higher than 20°C.

Even though it's cold, never put your baby's cot by the radiator

Never place your crib or cot next to a radiator as this could lead to overheating or possible burns if your baby reaches out of their cot and touches the hot radiator surface.

Also, as radiators are often under windows that may have blind cords, moving your baby's cot closer to an under-the-window radiator could present a risk of strangulation.

Pics: Getty

Read more:

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Despite its prevalence, guidance on managing moderate to severe cases remains limited, and parents like Becky Darby are calling for more research and support.

What is flat head syndrome?

Flat head syndrome, medically known as plagiocephaly or brachycephaly, often develops when babies spend extended periods lying on their backs, as advised to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

While lying on their backs has significantly reduced SIDS cases by 90% since the 1980s, it can sometimes lead to flattening on one side of a baby’s head.

In most cases, the condition is mild and resolves naturally as babies grow, sit up, and become more active. However, for babies with more severe cases, helmet therapy is sometimes considered to help correct head shape.

The role of helmet therapy

Southmead Hospital in Bristol is the only NHS clinic in the UK offering helmet therapy for infants with moderate to severe flat head syndrome. The process involves custom-made helmets, created using 3D printing technology, that gently relieve pressure on the flat side of the baby’s head.

Babies usually wear the helmets for 23 hours a day from around six months of age, with regular monitoring to assess progress. Becky Darby, whose son Leo has been receiving helmet therapy at Southmead, says the decision was life-changing.

“One side of his head was flat and the rest was perfectly round, but where he was constantly lying on it, it was getting flatter,” Becky told Sky News. Despite her initial frustration over the lack of guidance, she feels the helmet has made a difference: “Getting the helmet treatment was the best decision I’ve made.”

The call for more research

Currently, the NHS does not recommend helmet therapy as standard treatment, citing insufficient evidence about its effectiveness. Additionally, helmets can cause issues such as skin irritation and rashes. “These helmets and headbands generally are not recommended,” states NHS guidance, as reported by Sky News.

Senior reconstructive scientist Amy Davey, part of the team at Southmead, agrees that more research is crucial. She is working to develop a tool that assesses babies for flat head syndrome and identifies the best treatment pathways.

“There certainly needs to be more research into providing understanding behind when and where we can go and help with helmet therapy, and where there are alternatives,” she told Sky News.

Dr Joanna Garstang, a community paediatrician and adviser for the cot death charity The Lullaby Trust, reassures parents that in most cases, flat head syndrome resolves on its own.

“As the baby grows and begins to sit up and crawl, the condition usually improves naturally,” Dr Garstang told Sky News. She stressed the importance of continuing to place babies on their backs to sleep, calling it one of the most successful public health interventions.

“For parents worried about flat head syndrome, putting the baby on the back to sleep is by far the safest way. If they’re concerned, they should talk to their GP or health visitor,” she advised.

A costly option for many

Outside of the Southmead clinic, parents often face significant financial barriers if they wish to pursue helmet therapy. Private clinics charge upwards of £2,500 for the treatment, making it inaccessible to many families.

For parents like Becky, the benefits outweigh the challenges. She hopes that increased research and awareness will give other families more clarity when navigating flat head syndrome and potential treatments.

As for baby Leo, his helmet has helped correct the shape of his head, and it will soon no longer be needed.

What can I do to prevent flat head syndrome?

• Limiting your baby’s time on their back when they are awake
• Lay your baby down in a different way, especially if they seem to prefer to hold their head on one side
• Change the way your baby lies in their cot each week, this encourages your baby to look around, rather then keep their head in a single position
• When you’re out and about, alternate between the pram and carrier to change your baby’s position
• Give your baby plenty of tummy time
• Babies like to look around them, so it’s a good idea to change things round in the room or place lights so they’re tempted to look in different directions
• Make sure if you’re breastfeeding to swap sides regularly so your baby gets used to using different muscles.
• Don’t be tempted to let your baby stay too long in her bouncer or car seat

If you’re worried about your baby’s head shape or would like advice, speak to your GP or health visitor. For more information on safe sleeping guidelines, visit The Lullaby Trust website.

Read more: 

• What is flat head syndrome in babies – signs, causes and solutions
• Flat head syndrome: should you use a helmet?
• Baby sling safety: What parents need to know following new warning

The coroner’s report underlines the importance of proper positioning and better safety guidelines to prevent suffocation risks. Here’s what you need to know to keep your baby safe in a sling.

A call for clearer safety advice

The inquest into the death of James Alderman, a six-week-old baby who died while being breastfed in a sling, revealed critical gaps in safety information for parents.

Senior coroner Lydia Brown’s Prevention of Future Deaths Report stated that "very little" guidance exists on the safe use of slings, particularly during breastfeeding.

The coroner noted that James was in an unsafe position, too low in the sling, which caused his airway to become obstructed. Though resuscitation was attempted immediately, James passed away three days later.

The report urged manufacturers, the NHS, and the Department of Health and Social Care to introduce clearer safety standards, including visual aids illustrating safe and unsafe sling postures.

Recognising the risks

Baby slings can be a convenient way for parents to keep their babies close while freeing up their hands. However, improper use can pose serious risks.

The Lullaby Trust, a charity specialising in safer sleep advice, emphasised the need to keep infants in an upright position with their airways clear.

The TICKS rules for safe babywearing

To minimise risks, experts recommend following the TICKS guidelines for sling use:

• Tight: The sling should hold your baby snugly against your body to avoid slumping.
• In view at all times: You should always be able to see your baby’s face without moving the fabric.
• Close enough to kiss: Your baby’s head should be close enough to your chin to kiss easily.
• Keep chin off the chest: Ensure there’s at least a finger’s width of space under their chin to prevent airway obstruction.
• Supported back: Your baby’s back should be supported in its natural position, with their tummy and chest against you.

Avoiding common pitfalls

1. Low positioning: Babies positioned too low in a sling risk airway obstruction. Keep your baby high on your chest, not near your waist or hips.
2. Covered face: Avoid using slings that allow fabric to cover your baby’s face, which can make monitoring difficult.
3. Improper sling types: Avoid bag-style slings, as their deep pouches can force babies into a curved ‘C’ position that restricts airflow.

Can you breastfeed in a sling safely?

Breastfeeding in a sling can be practical, but it must be done with caution. Experts advise against hands-free breastfeeding for very young infants, as this can increase the risk of suffocation. If breastfeeding in a sling:

• Support the baby’s head and back: Use one hand to ensure proper alignment.
• Adjust the sling after feeding: Return your baby to an upright position with their head clear of your body and the sling fabric.

Choosing the right sling

Rebecca Ward of the Consortium of UK Sling Manufacturers and Retailers advises parents to choose slings that provide proper support and fit snugly. Safe options include:

• Shallow pouch-style slings
• Upright baby carriers
• Ring slings and wrap slings

Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions and ensure the sling is appropriate for your baby’s size and weight.

Raising awareness for safer use

The Lullaby Trust and other safety organisations continue to push for better education about baby sling use. This includes clearer instructions from manufacturers and accessible resources for parents.

Baby slings are a wonderful way to bond with your baby and manage hands-free parenting, but they require mindful use. Following safety guidelines like the TICKS rules and ensuring proper positioning can help you carry your baby safely.

For more detailed guidance, visit trusted sources like The Lullaby Trust or The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents.

Read more: 

• 10 of the best baby slings and wraps to carry babies from newborn to toddler age in comfort
• MFM Awards 2024 Winners – Baby carriers, slings and wraps
• Baby slings – how to wear one safely